NOBEL Prize 2016 in Tamil

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Atomic gardening

Atomic gardening is a form of mutation breeding where plants are exposed to radioactive sources, typically cobalt-60,^[1]in order to generate useful mutations.

One example is the resistance to verticillium wilt of the "Todd's Mitcham" cultivar of peppermint which was produced from a breeding and test program at Brookhaven National Laboratory from the mid-1950s. 

The first Gamma Garden as built in Long Island, New York

The first Gamma Garden in India was installed in Kolkata at the Bosr research institute in 1959

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 came into force 15 January 2016. In this regard, Union Ministry of Woman and Child Development has issued orders for enforceable of Act. The Act had received President Pranab Mukherjee’s assent on December 31, 2015 after it was

General Knowledge : Oil zapper

The new technique of using the bacteria to get rid of oil spill has been called “Oil Zapping”. Oil Zapping is a bio-remediation technique involving the use of ‘oil zapping’ bacteria. It was recently employed to clean up the Mumbai shoreline affected by the oil spill that occurred in August 2010. The Mumbai Oil Spill happened when a merchant vessel M V Khalijia collided with a cargo ship MSC Chitra 10 km off the coast of Mumbai. MSC Chitra tilted 15 degrees soon after the collision but there was no loss of life. The cargo ship eventually tilted to about 80 degrees dropping around 250 containers into the sea. Before the spill could be plugged 400 tons of oil had leaked into the sea. The Maharashtra Pollution Control Board used the services of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) which has developed the oil zapping bacteria. TERI had developed this technique over a period of seven years. The Oil Zapping project was supported by the Department of Biotechnology (Government of India) and the Ministry of Science and Technology. How does Oil Zapper Work? There are five different bacterial strains that are immobilized and mixed with a carrier material such as powdered corncob. This mixture of five bacteria is called Oil Zapper. Oilzapper feeds on hydrocarbon compounds present in crude oil and the hazardous hydrocarbon waste generated by oil refineries, known as Oil Sludge and converts them into harmless CO2 and water. The Oilzapper is neatly packed into sterile polythene bags and sealed aseptically for safe transport. The shelf life of the product is three months at ambient temperature. The technique was used successfully and 130,000 tons of oily sludge/ oil contaminated soil was treated as per the leading news sources.

First In India.......

1. Name of the first university of India ? — Nalanda University.
2. Where is India’s First nuclear centre ?— Tarapur
3. Name of the first Chinese pilgrim to visit India ? — Fa-hien
4.Where was the first Post Office opened in India ?— Kolkata in 1727
5. Name of first Space Tourist of India ? —Santosh George
6. Name of First Indian who reached south pole ? — Col. I K Bajaj

Sports And The Terms Associated With Them

Badminton: Angled Drive Serve, Backhand Low Serve, Bird, Deuce, Double Droup, Fault, Flick Serve, Forehand Smash, Let, Lob, Love All, net Shots, Rush, Smash.

Baseball: Base, Battery, Bunting, Catcher, Diamond, Hitter, Home Infield, Outfield, Pinch, Pitcher Plate, Pullout, Short Stop, Strike.

Basketball: Ball, Basket, Blocking, Dribbling, Free Throw, Held Ball, Holding, Jump Ball, Multiple Throws, Pivot.

Billiards: Baulk Line, Break, Bolting, Cannon, Cue, Hazard, In-off, Jigger, Long jenney, Pot,

Branches of agriculture,Vermiculture,Tissue culture,Horticulture,Pomology,Sericulture Branches of Agriculture

1. Vermiculture -Agriculture of Earth worm
2. Tissue culture-Production of a new plant from plant cells
3. Apiculture-Study of honey bee.
4. Horticulture-Study of fruits and vegetables.
5. Pomology -Study of fruits.
6. Sericulture-Rearing of silk worm.

India at Glance - Population Census 2011

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Highlights of Census 2011

• Total population of India has reached to 121 crores.
• It comprises 62.31 crores males and 58.74 crores females.
• Total absolute increase in population during the decade is 18.19 crores.
• Population growth during the decade remained 17.7 percent.
• Density of population per sq. km. has been 382 persons.
• Sex ratio for females per 1000 males is 943 females.
• Child sex ratio for females is 919 per 1000 males.
• Literacy rate of India has gone up to 73.0 percent from previous figure of 64.83 percent.

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Books and documentaries

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Kalam's writings

• Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988
• India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A P J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; New York, 1998.

Iron Ore Reserves in India

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1. Karnataka: Karnataka is the leading producer of iron ore accounting for about one-fourth of the total ironore production of the country. The high grade deposits belonging to the haematite and magnetite categories are found in Kemmangundi in Bababudan Hills of the Chikmagalur District. The other important iron ore producing districts of Karnataka are Chitradurga, Dharwar, North Kannad, Shimoga, Bellary and Tumkur.

(i) Bababudan Hills: Lying in Chikmagalur District of Karnataka they stretch over 22 km in length and 20 km in width. They are rich in haematite deposits with ferrous content of 60 to 65 per cent. The iron ore is mainly exported to Iran through the port of Mangalore.
Kudermukh Deposits: The Kudermukh iron ore deposits lie in the Chikmagalur District of Karnataka. They contain iron ore of the magnetite category with a metal content of 50 to 65 per cent. The Kudermukh deposits were developed under an export agreement with Iran. The iron ore is exported through the seaport of Mangalore.

(iii) Sandur Range: The Sandur Range stretches in the Bellary and Hosepet districts of Karnataka. The iron ore of this range is generally hard, compact and steel-grey. The ferrous content varies between 50-65 per cent. Its ore is supplied to the Vijayanagar Steel Plant.

2. Orissa: The contribution of Orissa in the total production of iron ore in the country is  about 22 per cent. The most important deposits are found at Mayurbhanj (Badampahar), Banspani and Toda in Kendujhar (Keonjhar), Tomka Range in Cuttack, Kandadhar Pahar in Sundargarh, Sambalpur, and Hirapur Hills of Koraput district.

(i) Badampahar: Situated in the Mayurbhanj District of Orissa, Badam Pahar has rich deposits of iron ore. Its height is about 825 metres above sea level. It has 30 million tonnes of iron ore. Iron-ore from Badampahar is supplied to Bokaro, • Durgapur, Jamshedpur, and Raurkela.

(ii) Bonaigarh Range: Situated in the district of Sundergarh, it is one of the most important iron ore bearing ranges. Iron ore is of haematite category which is supplied to Bokaro, Durgapur, Jamshedpur, and Raurkela.

Mayurbhanj: Situated in Orissa, it is well known for the iron ore deposits of haematite type. The metal content is more than 65 per cent. Iron ore from Mayurbhanj mines is sent to the iron and steel plants of Bokaro, Durgapur, Jamshedpur, and Raurkela.

3. Chhattisgarh:. This state has about 20 per cent of the total iron ore deposits of the country. Bailadila in the Bastar District and Dalli-Rajhara in the Durg district are the main iron ore producing regions of Chhattisgarh state. The iron ore belongs to the haematite and magnetite categories in which the metal content varies between 60 to 70 per cent. The Bailadila mine is the largest mechanized mine in India. A 270-km long slurry pipeline has been constructed to bring the ore from Bailadila to Vishakhapatnam Plant. The Bailadila iron ore is largely exported to Japan through the port of Vishakhapatnam.

The Dalli Rajhara range is about 32 km long with iron ore reserves of about 125 million tonnes. The ferrous content is about 70 per cent. The deposits of this range are being worked by the Hindustan Steel Plant of Bhilai. Bilaspur, Jagdalpur, Raigarh, and Surguja are the other iron ore producing districts of Chhattisgarh State.

(i) Dalli Rajhara: The Dalli Rajhara Range, well known for the iron ore depsoits, lies in the Durg District of Chhattisgarh. It is 32 km long with an estimated iron ore deposit of 120 million tonnes. The iron ore is supplied to the Hindustan Steel Plant at Bhilai.

(ii) Bailadila: Situated in the Bastar District of the Chhattisgarh state, it is known for the rich deposits of iron ore of the haematite category. This iron ore was deposited during the Dharwar Period about 2500 to 1800 million years back. The ore is mostly exported to Japan through the seaport of Vishakhapatnam.

4. Goa: Goa is the fourth largest producer of iron ore in India. Goa produces about 18 per cent of the total iron ore of the country. The iron ore of north Goa is of superior quality. The main deposits and mining centres are at Pirna-Adolpale-Asnora, Sanquelim Onda, Kundem-Surla, and Sirigao-Bicholim-Dalda in north Goa. The nearby Marmagao seaport is a big advantage to these mines for the export of iron ore. The iron ore is exported mainly to Japan and Iran.

5. Jharkhand : Jharkhand has 25 per cent of the iron ore reserves and accounts for about 14 per cent of the total production of iron ore of the country. Iron ore mining was first of all started at Singhbhum in 1904. The main iron ore deposits lie in Bonai Ragne extending for about 50 km. The famous mines are Naomandi, Daltenganj (Palamu District). Iron ore is also mined at Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Ranchi, and Santhal Pargana.

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